# Contributing

Help is always appreciated!

To get started, you can try [Building from Source](../installing-the-solidity-compiler#building-from-source) in order to familiarize yourself with the components of Solidity and the build process. Also, it may be useful to become well-versed at writing smart-contracts in Solidity.

In particular, we need help in the following areas:

* Improving the documentation
* Responding to questions from other users on [StackExchange](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/) and the [Solidity Gitter](https://gitter.im/ethereum/solidity)
* Fixing and responding to [Solidity’s GitHub issues](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues), especially those tagged as [good first issue](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/labels/good%20first%20issue) which are meant as introductory issues for external contributors.

Please note that this project is released with a [Contributor Code of Conduct](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ethereum/solidity/develop/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md). By participating in this project - in the issues, pull requests, or Gitter channels - you agree to abide by its terms.

## How to Report Issues

To report an issue, please use the [GitHub issues tracker](https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues). When reporting issues, please mention the following details:

* Which version of Solidity you are using
* What was the source code (if applicable)
* Which platform are you running on
* How to reproduce the issue
* What was the result of the issue
* What the expected behaviour is

Reducing the source code that caused the issue to a bare minimum is always very helpful and sometimes even clarifies a misunderstanding.

## Workflow for Pull Requests

In order to contribute, please fork off of the `develop` branch and make your changes there. Your commit messages should detail _why_ you made your change in addition to _what_ you did (unless it is a tiny change).

If you need to pull in any changes from `develop` after making your fork (for example, to resolve potential merge conflicts), please avoid using `git merge` and instead, `git rebase` your branch. This will help us review your change more easily.

Additionally, if you are writing a new feature, please ensure you add appropriate test cases under `test/` (see below).

However, if you are making a larger change, please consult with the [Solidity Development Gitter channel](https://gitter.im/ethereum/solidity-dev) (different from the one mentioned above, this one is focused on compiler and language development instead of language use) first.

New features and bugfixes should be added to the `Changelog.md` file: please follow the style of previous entries, when applicable.

Finally, please make sure you respect the [coding style](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ethereum/solidity/develop/CODING_STYLE.md) for this project. Also, even though we do CI testing, please test your code and ensure that it builds locally before submitting a pull request.

Thank you for your help!

## Running the compiler tests

The `./scripts/tests.sh` script executes most Solidity tests and runs `aleth` automatically if it is in the path, but does not download it, so you need to install it first. Please read on for the details.

Solidity includes different types of tests, most of them bundled into the `soltest` application. Some of them require the `aleth` client in testing mode, others require `libz3`.

To run a basic set of tests that require neither `aleth` nor `libz3`, run `./scripts/soltest.sh --no-ipc --no-smt`. This script runs `./build/test/soltest` internally.

{% hint style="info" %}
Those working in a Windows environment wanting to run the above basic sets without aleth or libz3 in Git Bash, you would have to do: `./build/test/RelWithDebInfo/soltest.exe -- --no-ipc --no-smt`. If you’re running this in plain Command Prompt, use `.\build\test\RelWithDebInfo\soltest.exe -- --no-ipc --no-smt`.
{% endhint %}

The option `--no-smt` disables the tests that require `libz3` and `--no-ipc` disables those that require `aleth`.

If you want to run the ipc tests (that test the semantics of the generated code), you need to install [aleth](https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum/releases/download/solidityTester/aleth_2018-06-20_artful) and run it in testing mode: `aleth --test -d /tmp/testeth` (make sure to rename it).

To run the actual tests, use: `./scripts/soltest.sh --ipcpath /tmp/testeth/geth.ipc`.

To run a subset of tests, you can use filters: `./scripts/soltest.sh -t TestSuite/TestName --ipcpath /tmp/testeth/geth.ipc`, where `TestName` can be a wildcard `*`.

For example, here’s an example test you might run; `./scripts/soltest.sh -t "yulOptimizerTests/disambiguator/*" --no-ipc --no-smt`. This will test all the tests for the disambiguator.

To get a list of all tests, use `./build/test/soltest --list_content=HRF -- --ipcpath /tmp/irrelevant`.

If you want to debug using GDB, make sure you build differently than the “usual”. For example, you could run the following command in your `build` folder:

```
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ..
make
```

This will create symbols such that when you debug a test using the `--debug` flag, you will have acecess to functions and varialbes in which you can break or print with.

The script `./scripts/tests.sh` also runs commandline tests and compilation tests in addition to those found in `soltest`.

The CI runs additional tests (including `solc-js` and testing third party Solidity frameworks) that require compiling the Emscripten target.

{% hint style="info" %}
You can not use some versions of `aleth` for testing. We suggest using the same version that the Solidity continuous integration tests use. Currently the CI uses `d661ac4fec0aeffbedcdc195f67f5ded0c798278` of `aleth`.
{% endhint %}

### Writing and running syntax tests

Syntax tests check that the compiler generates the correct error messages for invalid code and properly accepts valid code. They are stored in individual files inside the `tests/libsolidity/syntaxTests` folder. These files must contain annotations, stating the expected result(s) of the respective test. The test suite compiles and checks them against the given expectations.

For example: `./test/libsolidity/syntaxTests/double_stateVariable_declaration.sol`

```
contract test {
    uint256 variable;
    uint128 variable;
}
// ----
// DeclarationError: (36-52): Identifier already declared.
```

A syntax test must contain at least the contract under test itself, followed by the separator `// ----`. The comments that follow the separator are used to describe the expected compiler errors or warnings. The number range denotes the location in the source where the error occurred. If you want the contract to compile without any errors or warning you can leave out the separator and the comments that follow it.

In the above example, the state variable `variable` was declared twice, which is not allowed. This results in a `DeclarationError` stating that the identifier was already declared.

The `isoltest` tool is used for these tests and you can find it under `./build/test/tools/`. It is an interactive tool which allows editing of failing contracts using your preferred text editor. Let’s try to break this test by removing the second declaration of `variable`:

```
contract test {
    uint256 variable;
}
// ----
// DeclarationError: (36-52): Identifier already declared.
```

Running `./build/test/isoltest` again results in a test failure:

```
syntaxTests/double_stateVariable_declaration.sol: FAIL
    Contract:
        contract test {
            uint256 variable;
        }

    Expected result:
        DeclarationError: (36-52): Identifier already declared.
    Obtained result:
        Success
```

`isoltest` prints the expected result next to the obtained result, and also provides a way to edit, update or skip the current contract file, or quit the application.

It offers several options for failing tests:

* `edit`: `isoltest` tries to open the contract in an editor so you can adjust it. It either uses the editor given on the command line (as `isoltest --editor /path/to/editor`), in the environment variable `EDITOR` or just `/usr/bin/editor` (in that order).
* `update`: Updates the expectations for contract under test. This updates the annotations by removing unmet expectations and adding missing expectations. The test is then run again.
* `skip`: Skips the execution of this particular test.
* `quit`: Quits `isoltest`.

All of these options apply to the current contract, expect `quit` which stops the entire testing process.

Automatically updating the test above changes it to

```
contract test {
    uint256 variable;
}
// ----
```

and re-run the test. It now passes again:

```
Re-running test case...
syntaxTests/double_stateVariable_declaration.sol: OK
```

{% hint style="info" %}
Choose a name for the contract file that explains what it tests, e.g. `double_variable_declaration.sol`. Do not put more than one contract into a single file, unless you are testing inheritance or cross-contract calls. Each file should test one aspect of your new feature.
{% endhint %}

## Running the Fuzzer via AFL

Fuzzing is a technique that runs programs on more or less random inputs to find exceptional execution states (segmentation faults, exceptions, etc). Modern fuzzers are clever and run a directed search inside the input. We have a specialized binary called `solfuzzer` which takes source code as input and fails whenever it encounters an internal compiler error, segmentation fault or similar, but does not fail if e.g., the code contains an error. This way, fuzzing tools can find internal problems in the compiler.

We mainly use [AFL](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/) for fuzzing. You need to download and install the AFL packages from your repositories (afl, afl-clang) or build them manually. Next, build Solidity (or just the `solfuzzer` binary) with AFL as your compiler:

```
cd build
# if needed
make clean
cmake .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=path/to/afl-gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=path/to/afl-g++
make solfuzzer
```

At this stage you should be able to see a message similar to the following:

```
Scanning dependencies of target solfuzzer
[ 98%] Building CXX object test/tools/CMakeFiles/solfuzzer.dir/fuzzer.cpp.o
afl-cc 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com>
afl-as 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com>
[+] Instrumented 1949 locations (64-bit, non-hardened mode, ratio 100%).
[100%] Linking CXX executable solfuzzer
```

If the instrumentation messages did not appear, try switching the cmake flags pointing to AFL’s clang binaries:

```
# if previously failed
make clean
cmake .. -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=path/to/afl-clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=path/to/afl-clang++
make solfuzzer
```

Otherwise, upon execution the fuzzer halts with an error saying binary is not instrumented:

```
afl-fuzz 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com>
... (truncated messages)
[*] Validating target binary...

[-] Looks like the target binary is not instrumented! The fuzzer depends on
    compile-time instrumentation to isolate interesting test cases while
    mutating the input data. For more information, and for tips on how to
    instrument binaries, please see /usr/share/doc/afl-doc/docs/README.

    When source code is not available, you may be able to leverage QEMU
    mode support. Consult the README for tips on how to enable this.
    (It is also possible to use afl-fuzz as a traditional, "dumb" fuzzer.
    For that, you can use the -n option - but expect much worse results.)

[-] PROGRAM ABORT : No instrumentation detected
         Location : check_binary(), afl-fuzz.c:6920
```

Next, you need some example source files. This makes it much easier for the fuzzer to find errors. You can either copy some files from the syntax tests or extract test files from the documentation or the other tests:

```
mkdir /tmp/test_cases
cd /tmp/test_cases
# extract from tests:
path/to/solidity/scripts/isolate_tests.py path/to/solidity/test/libsolidity/SolidityEndToEndTest.cpp
# extract from documentation:
path/to/solidity/scripts/isolate_tests.py path/to/solidity/docs docs
```

The AFL documentation states that the corpus (the initial input files) should not be too large. The files themselves should not be larger than 1 kB and there should be at most one input file per functionality, so better start with a small number of. There is also a tool called `afl-cmin` that can trim input files that result in similar behaviour of the binary.

Now run the fuzzer (the `-m` extends the size of memory to 60 MB):

```
afl-fuzz -m 60 -i /tmp/test_cases -o /tmp/fuzzer_reports -- /path/to/solfuzzer
```

The fuzzer creates source files that lead to failures in `/tmp/fuzzer_reports`. Often it finds many similar source files that produce the same error. You can use the tool `scripts/uniqueErrors.sh` to filter out the unique errors.

## Whiskers

_Whiskers_ is a string templating system similar to [Mustache](https://mustache.github.io/). It is used by the compiler in various places to aid readability, and thus maintainability and verifiability, of the code.

The syntax comes with a substantial difference to Mustache. The template markers `{{` and `}}` are replaced by `<` and `>` in order to aid parsing and avoid conflicts with [Inline Assembly](broken-reference) (The symbols `<` and `>` are invalid in inline assembly, while `{` and `}` are used to delimit blocks). Another limitation is that lists are only resolved one depth and they do not recurse. This may change in the future.

A rough specification is the following:

Any occurrence of is replaced by the string-value of the supplied variable `name` without any escaping and without iterated replacements. An area can be delimited by `<#name>...`. It is replaced by as many concatenations of its contents as there were sets of variables supplied to the template system, each time replacing any items by their respective value. Top-level variables can also be used inside such areas.
